地处长江上游成都平原古蜀国的历史，在古代文献中少有记载，传说古蜀国“蚕丛、柏灌、鱼凫此三代各数百岁”……大诗人李白在《蜀道难》中写道：“蚕丛及鱼凫，开国何茫然……。”更是为古蜀历史抹上神秘的色彩。直到1986年三星堆两个祭祀坑的惊人发现，才使我们看到数千年前古蜀文明的灿烂辉煌，那些神话般的文物，默默地告诉我们一个个上古神迹……
There were few records about the history of the ancient Shu State on Chengdu plain at the upper reaches of Yangtze River in ancient literature. The legend says “the successive rulers of the ancient Shu State --Cang Cong, Bo Guan and Yu Fu all reigned over this region for hundreds of years.”
Li Bai, the great poem of Tang Dynasty, wrote down these sentences in his famous works HARD ROADS IN SHU: “The two rulers (Cang Cong and Yu Fu) of this region, Pushed their way through in the misty ages …”, which made the history of the ancient Shu State more mysterious.Until 1986, two sacrifice pits were discovered in Sanxingdui, which astonished the world and made us see the brilliance of the ancient Shu culture thousands of years ago. Those mythical cultural relics showed the ancient sacred symbols before us one by one…
神龙神话·青铜爬龙柱形器
The Myth of Shen Long·Bronze Column with a Coild Dragon on Top
传说在天地混沌之初，没有太阳和月亮，后来诞生了烛龙（盘古），他人面蛇身，身长千里，睁开眼就是白昼，闭上眼就为夜晚，吹气为夏天，呼气为冬天，还能呼风唤雨；《山海经》中还记述了鸟身龙首神、人面龙身神……等集多种形像于一体诸多神怪。
The legend goes that there were no sun and moon at the birth of the earth. Then Zhu Long (Pan Gu) was born. He had a human face and a snake-like body that was a thousand long. When he opened his eyes, it was the day; while he closed his eyes, it was the night. When he breathed out, it was summer; while he breathed in, it was winter. Meanwhile, he could summon wind and rain. Mountain and Sea Classics also recorded many gods combining with several shapes of different creatures, for example, some had a bird-like body but a dragon-like head, some had human face but a dragon-like body etc.
三星堆一号坑出土的青铜爬龙柱形器，他羊角龙首蚕身的神奇形态，反映出古蜀人对这种图腾形象独特的认识。
The Bronze Column with a Coild Dragon on Top unearthed at No. 1 in Sanxingdui had a dragon-like head with goat’s horns but a silkworm-like body. This fancy shape reflected the unique cognition of ancient Shu-region people for this totem image.
通天神话
The Myth of Communicating with the Heaven
盘古开天以后很长一段时间，人神混居杂处。后来，世界失去秩序，陷入一片混乱，天帝因而切断了天地间的交往，并派儿子轩辕（黄帝）做了人间的大帝。从此，能够通天达地的就只有巫师了，人们通过巫师把祭品献给天地和诸神，祈求它们赐福禳灾。
In a long period after Pan Gu separated the sky from the earth, human lived together with gods.Afterward, the earth plunged into disorder, so the emperor of heaven stopped the contact between the heaven and the earth and appointed his son Xuan Yuan (Huang Di) to be the emperor of the earth. From then on, only koradji could go up to the heaven, so people dedicated their sacrifices to the gods with the help of koradji, praying for blessings and fortunes.
三星堆出土有一尊高达2.62米，重一百八十多公斤青铜立人像。其身份应是沟通天地，传达上帝鬼神旨意之类的人物。这尊距今三千多年，形体高大，制作精美的青铜铸像，在迄今中国出土的商周文物中从未发现过，在古埃及和希腊等世界文明古国中，这一时期也未发现有这样巨大的青铜雕像。
A standing bronze figure, 2.62 meters in height and over 180 kilograms in weight, was unearthed in Sanxingdui. He was mainly in charge of the communication between the heaven and the earth, conveying the wishes from the emperor of heaven, the gods and the ghosts. This figure, with a history of more than three thousand years, was very high. It was beautifully cast with bronze. This kind bronze figure has never found so far in the cultural relics of Shang and Zhou Dynasties unearthed in China. Even the countries with an ancient civilization in the world, such as the ancient Egypt or the ancient Greece at the same period didn’t have this kind of huge bronze statue, either.
扶桑神话·青铜神树
The Myth of Fu Sang·Bronze Holy Tree
黄帝之后地统治者是帝俊，帝俊的妻子羲和生下十个太阳鸟，他们居住在东海尽头一棵叫扶桑的神树上。 “九日居下枝，一日居上枝。”这样烛龙就不必用眼睛为天地带来光明了。每天早晨太阳从东方扶桑神树上升起，晚上落在西方一棵叫若木神树上……。在“都广之野”（今成都平原）还有一棵能通天的建木神树，人之始祖伏羲氏从这里上过天，又返回人间。
The successor of Huang Di was Di Jun. The wife of Di Jun - Xi He, gave birth to ten sunbirds. They lived on a holy tree named Fu Sang at the end of East Sea. “Nine of the suns lived on the lower branches of the holy tree, and one on the upper branch.”Thus Zhu Long needn’t bring luminosity to the heaven and earth with his eyes. Every morning, the sun went up from the holy tree – Fu Sang in the east and it went down on the holy tree named Ruo Mu in the west…On Chengdu plain, there was a holy tree named Jian Mu that could reach up to the heaven. It was said that Fu Xi - the earliest ancestor of human beings had been to the heaven from here and then returned to the earth.
三星堆出土了一棵残高达3.95米的青铜神树，在顶部已断裂的神树上栖息着九只神鸟，显然是神话中“九日居下枝”的写照。树干上嵌铸一条自天而降的神龙，奇妙地展现古人通过建木往来天地的情景。在世界考古重大发现中，三星堆青铜神树称得上是一件绝无仅有的“宇宙树”的实物，也是世界上体量最大的青铜器之一。
A bronze holy tree with a residual height of 3.95 meters was unearthed in Sanxingdui. On this holy tree whose top had been cracked inhabited nine sunbirds, which apparently reflected the myth of “nine suns living on lower branches”. A holy dragon flying down from the heaven was cast along the surface of the trunk, miraculously displaying the scene that the ancient people went up to the heaven and return to the earth through the holy tree – Jian Mu. Among the major archaeological discoveries in the world, the bronze holy tree in Sanxingdui can be called the unique entity of “Cosmic Tree”. It is also one of the largest bronzes in the world.
太阳神话·青铜鸟·青铜太阳轮
The Myth of the Sun·Bronze Sunbirds·Bronze Sun Gears
话说十个太阳鸟每十天才轮到出勤，每天在扶桑树上实在太闷，于是趁母亲羲和生病时，便一起出来胡闹，以至世间草木枯焦，就有了后羿射日的神话传说。
It was said that the ten sunbirds took turns to be on duty, so they had one opportunity to go out every ten days. They really felt boring on the Fu Sang tree every day, and they sneaked out to run wild while their mother – Xi He was ill. As a result, all the trees and grasses on the earth were dried to death. This was the origin of another myth of “Hou Yi Shooting the Suns”.
三星堆出土了许多神奇的青铜鸟，在古蜀国他们既代表太阳和金乌，也是部族的标志和崇奉的象征。二号坑出土的人面鸟身像，胸前有双圆圈图案，极像一个圆日的形状。如此奇异的造型，在考古史上从未有的发现，堪称古代蜀人的绝妙创造。三星堆出土的金杖上有羽箭穿过鸟颈的图案，也可能是射日神话的反映。
在世界远古时代留下的崖画上，能看到大量的太阳图像。而仅在三星堆出土了几件最具象表现太阳的青铜器——青铜太阳轮，所以极其珍贵。
Many magical bronze birds were unearthed in Sanxingdui. In the ancient Shu State, they not only represented the sun and golden crow, but also was the symbol of their tribe and worship. The figure with human face and bird-like body unearthed at No. 2 pit has a double circle pattern on its chest that extremely resembles the shape of the sun. Such bizarre shape had never been found in the history of archaeology. It can be famed as an admirable creation of the ancient Shu-region people. The golden stick unearthed in Sanxingdui has the pattern of feather arrows through the neck of birds. It may also reflect the myth of shooting the suns.
From the rock paintings left from the ancient times in the world, we can see a lot of images of the sun. but only in Sanixngdui were unearthed several pieces of bronzes that represent the sun the most vivid – Bronze Sun Gear, so they are very invaluable.
蜀史传说·青铜纵目面具·金杖
The Legend of Shu History·Bronze Protruding-eye Mask· Golden Stick
再说黄帝生有两子，一子昌意娶蜀山氏的女子为妻，这就有了后来教民种桑养蚕的古蜀国第一代王蚕丛。《华阳国志》记载蜀人始祖蚕丛“其目纵”，在三星堆出土的青铜纵目面具正是“纵目”记载的实物例证，他应是古代蜀人对祖先形象的一种追记。
It was said that Huang Di had two sons, one of whom – Changyi married a girl of Shu-shan clan. This was said to be the origin of Cang Cong, the first king of the ancient Shu State, who taught the people how to plant mulberry and raise silkworms.The Annals of Huangyang State recorded that the first ancestor of Shu-region people – Cang Cong had protruding eyes. The bronze protruding-eye mask unearthed in Sanxingdui was just the objective proof about the record of “protruding eyes”. It should be the imagination of the ancient people for the image of their ancestor.
第二代蜀王柏灌应当是以柏灌鸟为族名的部族。
The second king of Shu State – Bo Guan should come from the tribe named after the bird called Bo Guan.
第三代蜀王以鱼凫鸟为族名。《蜀王本纪》说，鱼凫王在湔山打猎时成仙，不少蜀民亦随王而去，所以稀少。三星堆一号祭祀坑出土的金杖上刻有箭穿鸟身射中鱼头的图案，是述说鱼凫族败亡的故事？还是鱼凫族的徽号？是三星堆诸谜中的一大谜。
The third king of Shu State should come from the tribe named after the bird called Yu Fu. The Imperial Biography of the King of Shu recorded that the king, Yu Fu became immortal when he was hunting in Jianshan Mountain. Many Shu-region people also followed their king, so few Shu-region people were left. The golden stick unearthed at No. 1 sacrifice pit in Sanxingdui was carved with the pattern that arrows first flew through the body of birds and then shot the fish in the head. Whether it told the story that the tribe of Yu Fu failed and declined, or it was the sign of Yu Fu tribe was a great mystery among all the mysteries in Sanxingdui.
第四代王叫杜宇，又名望帝。传说杜宇“教民务农”，很受人民的拥戴，后来开明氏治理了大水灾，并乘机取代了杜宇。杜宇被迫归隐，化为杜鹃，啼泪成血。这就是 “杜鹃啼血”的神话传说。
The fourth king of Shu State was named Du Yu or Wang Di.The legend goes that Du Yu taught the people how to farm, so he was highly praised and respected by the people. Afterward, a person from Kai Ming tribe led the people to control the floods, and he took the place of Du Yu, becoming the new king of the ancient Shu State. Du Yu was forced to retire and transformed into a cuckoo. It cried all the time and finally it had no tears but blood. This was the myth of “The Cuckoo Crying Blood”.
第五代蜀王开明氏，传位十二世，公元前316年为秦所灭。
The Shu State reigned by Kai Ming Tribe experienced 12 kings and it was conquered by Qin in 316 B.C.
宗教神话
The Myth of Religion
古蜀人相信祖先亡灵是通达上帝的最好媒介，因而以献祭的方式博得神灵的愉悦，以祈祷的方式祈求神灵的庇护。
The ancient people believed that the souls of their late ancestors were the best medium with which they could communicate with the gods in the heaven, so they wished to win the favor from gods in the way of sacrificing and beg the protection of gods in the way of praying.
三星堆出土的诸多文物都与祭祀有关，古蜀人在祭祀活动中用青铜头像，青铜面具代表祖先亡灵，用兽面具、兽面代表自然神灵，青铜立人像、跪坐人像代表祭者，以铜尊、铜罍为祭祀用品，以各种玉石器作为礼仪用器，以及用金杖作为法器；还用象牙、海贝为祭品奉献给神灵；而神树上的龙、鸟则是往来于天地之间的使者。由此我们可以看到古蜀人发达完备的宗教礼仪制度。
Many cultural relics unearthed in Sanxingdui were used to sacrifice in ancient times. The ancient Shu-region people adopted bronze heads and masks to represent the souls of their ancestors, animal masks and animal faces to symbolized the natural gods, standing bronze figures and kneeling figures to stand for the worshipers, bronze wine vessels and bronze wine utensils to be sacrificial offerings, jade and stone products to be ritual supplies and golden sticks to be ritual tools. They also sacrificed ivories and seashell to the gods. The dragons and birds on the holy trees were usually the emissaries connecting the heaven and the earth. Therefore, we can see the advanced and complete religious ritual system established by the ancient Shu-region people.
古蜀人相信祖先亡灵是通达上帝的最好媒介,因而以献祭的方式博得神灵的愉悦,以祈祷的方式祈求神灵的庇护.
The ancient Shu-region people believed that the souls of their late ancestors were the best medium with which they could communicate with the gods in the heaven, so they wished to win the favor from gods in the way of sacrificing and beg the protection of gods in the way of praying.
三星堆旅游
Travel to Sanxingdui
三星堆文明距今已有5000年历史，被列为20世纪最重要的考古发现之一。遗址分布面积达12平方公里。三星堆博物馆有展览面积1.2万平方米全面展示三星堆出土的陶、玉、金和青铜等珍贵文物上千件。
Sanxingdui civilization had a history of 5,000 years so far. It has been listed in the major archaeological discoveries in 20th century. The site occupied an area of 12 square kilometers.Sanxingdui Museum has an exhibition area of 12,000 square meters and completely displays thousands of precious cultural relics unearthed in Sanxingdui, including chinaware, jades, gold, bronzes etc.
三星堆距中国四川省会成都仅30分钟车程，距双流国际机场不足1小时车程，旅游交通十分方便。
Sanxingdui is only 30minute driving away from Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province of China. It will take no more than 1 hour from Sanxingdui to Shuangliu International Airport by driving. It is very convenient in traffic for tourists.
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